Sanjer Bela Civil Engineering Site

  Q) Find the moment of resistance of a t beam having web width of 240 mm , effective depth of 400 mm flange width of 740 mm and flange thickness 100 mm . The beam is reinforced with 5 nos 16 mm diameter , Fe415 bars use M20 concrete. Given data Web width = 240 mm Flange width = 740 mm Effective depth = 400 mm No of bars = 5 Diameter of each bar = 16 mm Concrete grade = M20 fck = 20 Mpa Steel grade = Fe415 fy = 415 Mpa Area Of Steel Ast = 5* π /4 *16 2 = 1005.30 mm 2 Find limiting depth of Neutral Axis = xumax = 0.48d = 0.48*400 = 192 mm Assume Neutral Axis xu = 0.87 fyast/.36 fckbf = 0.87 *415 *1005.3/ .36*20*740 = 68.12 mm Moment of resistance = Mu = .87 fy ast (d-0.42 xu) = .87 * 415 * 1005.3 * (400 -0.42 *68.08) 362963.565 (400-28.6)*10 -6 = 362963.565 (371.4)*10 -6 =134.80kn/m

  1)      What is meant by capillary rise in soil? How does it affect the pre-water pressure?   Capillary rise is the upward movement of water through the tiny pores (voids) in soil due to surface tension and adhesive forces between water and soil particles. This occurs above the water table , where the soil is unsaturated , but moisture is still present.   ü   Effect on Pore Water Pressure:   ·         In the capillary zone , pore water pressure is negative (also called suction or tension ). ·         This negative pressure increases the effective stress in the soil (since effective stress = total stress − pore pressure). ·         Result: Soils in the capillary zone can gain apparent strength due to suction.    

  What do you mean by point of contra flexure in beam? The point of contra flexure is a location along a beam where the bending moment changes sign —that is, it goes from positive to negative or vice versa. At this point, the bending moment is zero , and the curvature of the beam changes direction .

  1) green house gasses effect The green house gasses effects are the natural effect where certain gasses like carbon di oxide , methen, nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun and warming the earth surface.

  What is hybrid energy? "Hybrid energy" refers to a power system that combines two or more different energy sources to generate electricity or power a system. These systems aim to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability by leveraging the strengths of each source.

  What is hybrid energy? Hybrid energy refers to the integration of two or more different energy sources —typically renewable and non-renewable—to generate electricity or power systems more efficiently and sustainably. Is hybrid energy renewable? Hybrid energy is not always fully renewable —it depends on the sources combined. Types of Hybrid Energy Systems: Fully Renewable Hybrid: Combines two or more renewable sources (e.g., solar + wind). This is renewable energy. Mixed Hybrid : Combines a renewable source with a non-renewable source , like: Solar + diesel generator Wind + gas turbine This is not fully renewable but is often cleaner and more efficient than using fossil fuels alone.

  1) Challenges Facing ADR Mechanisms in Environmental Conflicts.   In the context of environmental law and policy , Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) faces several unique challenges that limit its effectiveness in resolving environmental conflicts. 1. Inadequate Legal Recognition 2. Jurisdictional and Regulatory Conflicts 3. Lack of Policy Framework 4. Public Interest and Representation 5. Transparency and Accountability Issues 6. Weak Enforcement Mechanisms 7. Capacity and Resource Constraints 8. Limited Use in Precedent-Setting Cases