Sanjer Bela Civil Engineering Site

  1)      What is meant by capillary rise in soil? How does it affect the pre-water pressure?   Capillary rise is the upward movement of water through the tiny pores (voids) in soil due to surface tension and adhesive forces between water and soil particles. This occurs above the water table , where the soil is unsaturated , but moisture is still present.   ü   Effect on Pore Water Pressure:   ·         In the capillary zone , pore water pressure is negative (also called suction or tension ). ·         This negative pressure increases the effective stress in the soil (since effective stress = total stress − pore pressure). ·         Result: Soils in the capillary zone can gain apparent strength due to suction.    

  What do you mean by point of contra flexure in beam? The point of contra flexure is a location along a beam where the bending moment changes sign —that is, it goes from positive to negative or vice versa. At this point, the bending moment is zero , and the curvature of the beam changes direction .

  1) green house gasses effect The green house gasses effects are the natural effect where certain gasses like carbon di oxide , methen, nitrous oxide trap heat from the sun and warming the earth surface.

  What is hybrid energy? "Hybrid energy" refers to a power system that combines two or more different energy sources to generate electricity or power a system. These systems aim to improve efficiency, reliability, and sustainability by leveraging the strengths of each source.

  What is hybrid energy? Hybrid energy refers to the integration of two or more different energy sources —typically renewable and non-renewable—to generate electricity or power systems more efficiently and sustainably. Is hybrid energy renewable? Hybrid energy is not always fully renewable —it depends on the sources combined. Types of Hybrid Energy Systems: Fully Renewable Hybrid: Combines two or more renewable sources (e.g., solar + wind). This is renewable energy. Mixed Hybrid : Combines a renewable source with a non-renewable source , like: Solar + diesel generator Wind + gas turbine This is not fully renewable but is often cleaner and more efficient than using fossil fuels alone.

  1) Challenges Facing ADR Mechanisms in Environmental Conflicts.   In the context of environmental law and policy , Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) faces several unique challenges that limit its effectiveness in resolving environmental conflicts. 1. Inadequate Legal Recognition 2. Jurisdictional and Regulatory Conflicts 3. Lack of Policy Framework 4. Public Interest and Representation 5. Transparency and Accountability Issues 6. Weak Enforcement Mechanisms 7. Capacity and Resource Constraints 8. Limited Use in Precedent-Setting Cases

1)  What are the main environmental issues? Can burn and slash become eco-friendly? How? *   Main Environmental Issues: 1.      Climate Change – 2.      Air Pollution –. 3.      Water Pollution – 4.      Deforestation –. 5.      Loss of Biodiversity –. 6.      Soil Degradation –. 7.      Waste Management –. 8.      Ozone Layer Depletion *   Can Slash and Burn Be Eco-Friendly? ·   Slash and burn is a traditional agricultural practice where forests are cut and burned to create fields. While typically damaging, it can be made more sustainable with careful management. o    How to Make It Eco-Friendly: 1.      Controlled Burning –. 2.      Fallow Periods –. 3.      Agroforestry –. 4.    ...

1) Describe about Green house effect The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. Certain gases in the atmosphere, like water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, trap heat from the sun that would otherwise escape into space. This trapped heat keeps the Earth's temperature at a level suitable for life.  

   Write a short notes on Biological diversity Act, 2002 The Biological Diversity Act, 2002 is a key legislation enacted by the Government of India to conserve biological diversity, ensure sustainable use of its components, and enable fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge.

Write a short note on AGENDA 21. Agenda 21 is a comprehensive plan of action adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 —commonly known as the Earth Summit . It is a non-binding , voluntarily implemented action plan that aims to promote sustainable development globally, nationally, and locally .

1)    What is meant by capillary rise in soil? How does it affect the pre-water pressure?   Capillary rise in soil refers to the upward movement of water through the soil pores due to capillary action, which is the result of surface tension and the adhesion of water molecules to soil particles. This phenomenon is especially significant in fine-grained soils (like silts and clays) because they have smaller pores that create stronger capillary forces.   Effect on Pore Water Pressure:   1)      Negative Pressure 2)      Increased inter granular pressure 3)      Enhanced effective stress 4)      Saturation effects  

  What are the key differences between conciliation, mediation, and arbitration? Arbitration Neutral third party ( arbitrator ) hears both sides and makes a legally binding decision . Often used in construction disputes. Mediation A mediator facilitates negotiation between parties to help them reach a mutual agreement . The mediator does not impose a decision. Conciliation Similar to mediation, but the conciliator may propose solutions to help parties settle. Common in labor disputes.

Tender:-  A tender is a formal invitation issues by a client to a suppliers and contractors to submit bid or proposal for providing goods or services or any executable work specified terms and condition. Types of tender in procurement:-   1) Open tender 2) Selective tender  3) Negotiated Tender 4) Single or direct tender 5) Two stage tender 6) E Tenders

  1) What is arbitration. Arbitration is a method of dispute resolution used to settle conflicts outside of court , especially in civil and commercial matters like construction contracts, infrastructure projects, and property disputes. definition Arbitration is a legal technique where the parties to a dispute agree to submit their issue to one or more neutral third parties (arbitrators) , whose decision ( called an "award" ) is legally binding .

  1)      Write about breach of contract? A breach of contract occurs when a party falls to fulfill their obligation in an agreement.

1 ) What is the Jurisdiction of arbitration tribunal. ⦁ The jurisdiction of an arbitration tribunal, or its power to hear a case, is determined by the agreement between the parties involved in the dispute. This agreement, typically an arbitration clause in a contract, defines the scope of the tribunal's jurisdiction, including which disputes it can address, the parties involved, and the geographical location or "seat" of the arbitration.

  v   What are tilts and shifts? What are the remedial measure to control this?   ü   Tilt: - This occurs when a structure leans or inclines often due to differential settlement of the foundation different forces.   ü   Shifts: - This involved horizontal movement or displacement of the structure, typically caused by lateral soil pressure, seismic activity or poor anchoring.   ·         Remedial Measures:-   1)      Soil Stabilization 2)      Proper foundation design 3)      Underpinning 4)      Anchors & Bracing 5)      Drainage Systems 6)      Monitoring Systems

  What is caissons ? How are caisson classified based on the method of construction. Caisson   A caisson is a watertight structure used in construction, particularly for underwater and foundation work. It is designed to provide a dry working environment below water level or stabilize foundation in challenging soil conditions.   Caisson are classified based on their method of construction as follows.   1)      Open caisson 2)      Box caisson 3)      Pneumatic caisson 4)      Pile caisson  

  v Write down advantage and disadvantage of using drilled pier as a foundation   Drilled piers   Drilled piers, also known as caissons, are deep foundation systems used to support structures by transferring loads from unstable soil to stable, deeper soil layers.   Advantage   1)      High load capacity 2)      Depth flexibility 3)      Minimal vibration 4)      Adaptable to site condition 5)      Cost effective for large loads 6)      Less noise pollution   Disadvantage   1)      Slow construction 2)      Soil collapse risk 3)      Difficult quality control 4)      Weather dependency 5)      Specialized equipment required    

  Types of drilled piers in civil engineering ? Types of drilled piers ppt Ø   What is drilled Piers? Drilled piers, also known as caissons, are deep foundation systems used to support structures by transferring loads from unstable soil to stable, deeper soil layers.   v   Types Of Drilled Piers   1)      Straight shaft end bearing pier 2)      Straight shaft side friction pier 3)      Combination pier 4)      Belled pier 5)      Socketed pier 6)      Cased pier 7)      Drilled pier with slurry stabilization 8)      Grouted or pressure injected pier